Game theory based rip-up and re-route to improve global routing solutions

ABSTRACT

A system and method for rip-up and re-routing a global routing solution includes determining, via processing circuitry, one or more rip-up and re-route (R&amp;R) strategies for a net; decomposing, via the processing circuitry, multiple pins of the net into a plurality of subnets; decomposing a spanning tree of the net into paths for the plurality of subnets; determining, via the processing circuitry, a probability of success of each of the R&amp;R strategies for one of minimizing a total overflow of a global routing solution or minimizing a wire length of the global routing solution; and applying one of the R&amp;R strategies to the net based on the determined probability of success of said each of the R&amp;R strategies towards improving the global routing solution, wherein the global routing solution includes a plurality of spanning trees for a respective plurality of nets of a global routing system.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Global routing in a primed circuit board and in the physical design ofVery Large Scale Integration (VLSI) is described. In particular, globalrouting based on game theory is described.

BACKGROUND

The “background” description provided herein is for the purpose ofgenerally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of thepresently named inventors, to the extent it is described in thisbackground section, as well as aspects of the description which may nototherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neitherexpressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the presentinvention.

The advances in nanometer Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) haveproduced chips that contain billions of transistors within a very smalldie area. For example, the Intel Xeon processor uses a feature size of20 nm and has over 5 billion transistors within a die size of just 661mm². Chip limitations include interconnections between die because thedevices have very small feature sizes. The routing step in the physicaldesign of Integrated Circuits (ICs) is responsible for determining asuitable path for the interconnections. The interconnections aredeposited or printed on the chip in order to connect differentcomponents. The routing process improves the chip timing as well asproduction costs. However, routing has become complex due to thepresence of a very large number of components within a very small diearea and a very small space available for interconnections.

The complexity of routing is reduced by dividing it into two steps,which are (a) global routing and (b) detailed routing. Global routingdetermines approximate paths for the interconnections and is aNon-deterministic Polynomial-time (NP)-hard problem. See T. Lengauer,Combinatorial Algorithms for integrated Circuit Layout. New York: JohnWiley & Sons, Inc., 1990; S. M. Sait and H. Youssef, VLSI PhysicalDesign and Automation: Theory and Practice. Singapore: World ScientificPublishers, 1999; Iterative Computer Algorithms with Applications inEngineering. California: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1999, eachincorporated herein by reference in their entirety. In global routing,nets of wires (i.e. interconnections) are mapped to a coarse grid ofglobal routing cells. Each global routing cell has a fixed horizontaland vertical capacity. An objective of global routing is to assign thenets while satisfying capacity constraints (horizontal and vertical) ofthe global routing cells. Each net is routed by generating a spanningtree that covers all of its pins. Detailed routing assigns segments ofinterconnections to specific routing tracks, vias, and metal layers in amanner which is consistent with the solution of global routing.

The International Symposium on Physical Design (ISPD) has conductedglobal routing contests in 2007 and 2008 and proposed several benchmarksfor the nanometer scale VLSI global routing. See “ISPD 2007 globalrouting contest announcements;” G.-J. Nam, M. Yildiz, D. Z. Pan, and P.H. Madden, “ISPD placement contest updates and ISPD 2007 global routingcontest,” in Proceedings of the 2007 international symposium on Physicaldesign, Austin, Tex., 2007, pp. 167-167; and “ISPD 2008 global routingcontest,” 2008, each incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

Modern global routers generally include two processing steps. The firststep is an initial routing of all nets in which the nets have beenrouted with little or no effort to minimize congestion. The second stepis the-Rip-up and Re-route (R&R) in which congestion is minimized oreliminated from the solution through ripping-up and re-routing the netswhose spanning tree has at least one congested edge. A conventional R&Rprocess includes sequentially ripping-up and re-routing nets in apredetermined order. However, global routing problems are becomingcomplex, making it necessary to employ many enhancement techniques inthe R&R process.

The R&R process in modern global routers includes many different typesof enhancements in order to solve complex and large-size problems. TheR&R process attempts to find a valid solution (i.e., a solution whosetotal overflow is zero), as well as minimize the wire length of thesolution. A solution whose total overflow is zero is very likely to besuccessfully routed in the subsequent detailed routing step. The wirelength of a solution has an effect on chip delay and manufacturing cost.Therefore, solutions of smaller wire length are highly desirable. TheR&R processes of existing global routers can minimize the total overflowand wire length up to a certain extent, but they subsequently producelittle or no improvement in total overflow and wire length.

FIG. 1 is a graph illustrating overflow versus runtime for a test casein which a benchmark is solved using a global router NCTU-GR 2.0. Theglobal router has reduced the total overflow during the first hour, butcould not make any further progress. These observations indicate thatthe R&R process requires enhancement.

SUMMARY

Embodiments described herein include a method based on Game Theory (GT)to rip-up and re-route (R&R) a global routing solution. The method canminimize the total overflow and wire length of a solution. Featuresinclude a non-cooperative sequential game whose players are nets. Eachplayer is an intelligent object that can control the generation of itsspanning tree in order to progress towards the minimization of totaloverflow or wire length.

The different routing methods available to nets act as the player's setof pure strategies. The mixed strategy of a net includes probabilitiesassociated with each of its pure strategies. A pure strategy that has ahigh probability in the mixed strategy is more likely to be used in there-routing of the net. Mixed strategies are computed based onestimations of how likely any pure strategy can improve the totaloverflow or wire length. The game continues until it reaches NashEquilibrium (NE) or its maximum runtime. The NE is reached when the netsare unable to improve their overflow or wire length by, using theirstrategies.

In one embodiment, a method of global routing includes determining, viaprocessing circuitry, one or more rip-up and re-route (R&R) strategiesfbr a net; decomposing, via the processing circuitry, multiple pins ofthe net into a plurality of subnets; decomposing, via the processingcircuitry, a spanning tree of the net into paths for the plurality ofsubnets; determining, via the processing circuitry, a probability ofsuccess of each of the R&R strategies for one of minimizing a totaloverflow of a global routing solution or minimizing a wire length of theglobal routing solution; and applying, via the processing circuitry, oneof the R&R strategies to the net based on the determined probability ofsuccess of said each of the R&R strategies towards improving the globalrouting solution, wherein the global routing solution includes aplurality of spanning trees for a respective plurality of nets of aglobal routing system.

The foregoing paragraphs have been provided by way of generalintroduction, and are not intended to limit the scope of the followingclaims. The described embodiments, together with further advantages,will be best understood by reference to the following detaileddescription taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A more complete appreciation of the disclosure and many of the attendantadvantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes betterunderstood by reference to the following detailed description whenconsidered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a graph illustrating overflow versus runtime according to oneembodiment;

FIG. 2 is a 2D grid-graph G(V,E) of a global routing problem accordingto one embodiment;

FIG. 3A is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary global routeraccording, to one embodiment;

FIG. 3B is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary rip-up and re-route(R&R) processor of a global router according to one embodiment;

FIG. 4 illustrates a net with a frame positioned between two pinsaccording to one embodiment;

FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating a comparison of global routers accordingto one embodiment;

FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating a methodology used to evaluate wirelength according to one embodiment;

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a hardware description of a computeraccording to one embodiment;

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary data processing systemaccording to one embodiment;

FIG. 9 illustrates an implementation of a CPU according to oneembodiment;

FIG. 10 is a pseudo code of the flow of execution of the R&R method ofgloba routing used to improve the total-overflow according to oneembodiment;

FIG. 11 is a pseudo of the flow of execution of the R&R method of globalrouting used to improve the total wire-length according to oneembodiment; and

FIG. 12 is a flowchart for an exemplary method of global routingaccording to one embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following descriptions are meant to further clarify the presentdisclosure by giving specific examples and embodiments of thedisclosure. These embodiments are meant to be illustrative rather thanexhaustive. The full scope of the disclosure is not limited to anyparticular embodiment disclosed in this specification, but rather isdefined by the claims.

It will be appreciated that in the development of any such actualimplementation, numerous implementation-specific decisions need to bemade in order to achieve the developer's specific goals, such ascompliance with application- and business-related constraints, and thatthese specific goals will vary from one implementation to another andfrom one developer to another.

Modern global routers include two phases. The first phase is an initialrouting of all nets. The second phase is the minimization of congestionand total overflow from the solution of the first phase, which is alsocalled a rip-up and re-route (R&R) process.

A potential area of improvement to the R&R process is to employ methodsfrom optimization and decision-making fields. See S. M. Sait and U. F.Siddiqi, “A stochastic evolution algorithm based 2D VLSI global router,”Integration, the VLSI Journal, vol. 53, pp. 115-125, 2016, incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety. This work employs Game Theory (GT)to minimize total overflow and wire length in the R&R process. See W.Jorgen W, Evolutionary Game Theory. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press,1995; E. N. Barron, Wiley Series in Operations Research and ManagementScience: Game Theory: An Introduction (2). New York, US: Wiley, 2013;and M. Wooldridge, “Does game theory work?” IEEE intelligent systems,vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 76-80, 2012, each incorporated herein by referencein its entirety.

Embodiments described herein have been evaluated by using GT-based anR&R method to enhance the results of two recent global routers.Experiments include two separate implementations. A first implementationattempts to minimize the total overflow and the second implementationattempts to minimize the total wire length.

The first implementation was evaluated on hard-to-route problems (i.e.,unsolvable problems) of the ISPD 2008 benchmarks suite. Experimentalresults showed that the proposed method improved the total overflow ofthe first global router (NCTU-GR 2.0) by 0 to 16.2% and that of thesecond global router (BFG-R) by 6.1% to 23.6%.

The second implementation was evaluated on all problems of the ISPD 2008benchmarks. Results showed embodiments described herein minimized thewire length of the solutions of the first global router (NCTU-GR 2.0) by35 to 754 units (where 1 unit is equal to 1 edge of the routing graph)in different problems. The embodiments described herein improved thewire length of the solutions of the second global router (BFG-R) by 7462to 15,587 units in different problems.

A different approach of GT has been used to solve the global routingproblem. See U. F. Siddiqi, S. M. Sait, and Y. Shiraishi, “A gametheory-based heuristic for the two-dimensional VLSI global routingproblem,” Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers, vol. 24, no. 06,1550082, 2015, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Insteadof selecting the best Net Decomposition and Routing (ND-RT) method foreach net, GT was used to decide which nets should be ripped-up andre-routed in order to minimize congestion. The net decomposition was notemployed in that work and as a result, it solved only small-sizedproblems with a number of nets between 11K and 64K. The global routerpresented herein can solve global routing for large-sized circuits andcan employ many different ND-RT methods. The number of nets in a largeproblem can range from 219K to 551K.

FIG. 2 illustrates a 2D grid-graph G(V,E) of a global routing problem.The set V includes all vertices and E includes all edges of thegrid-graph. Each vertex v_(i) ∈ V corresponds to a particularrectangular region (or cell) of a chip, and each edge e_(ij) ∈ Ecorresponds to a boundary between adjacent vertices v_(i) and v_(j). Thecapacity of any edge e_(ij) ∈ E is represented by c_(ij), which is equalto a maximum number of nets or wires that can pass through it. Theactual number of nets that are passing through e_(ij) is called itsdemand and is represented as u_(ij).

A set N={n₀, n₁, . . . , n_(m−1)} contains the nets that should berouted on the grid-graph. Each net n_(i) ∈ N has a set of pins P_(i). Apin corresponds to a vertex on the grid-graph. A net can be routed onthe grid-graph by a spanning tree, which connects all of its pins. Thespanning tree of the net n_(i) is represented by t_(i) and t_(i) ⊆E. Aset T stores the spanning trees of all nets and is the solution to theglobal routing problem.

A primary objective of global routing is to route all nets whileensuring the capacity constraints of the edges are not violated, i.e.,u_(ij)≤c_(ij), ∀e_(ij) ∈ E. For any edge e_(ij), an edge becomescongested if its usage (u_(ij)) is greater than its capacity (c_(ij)).The congested edges contribute to the total overflow. For any edgee_(ij), its overflow can be expressed as overflow(e_(ij)) and its valuecan be determined using the following equation.

$\begin{matrix}{{{overflow}\left( e_{ij} \right)} = \left\{ \begin{matrix}{u_{ij} - c_{ij}} & {{{if}\mspace{14mu} u_{ij}} > \; c_{ij}} \\0 & {otherwise}\end{matrix} \right.} & (1)\end{matrix}$

The total overflow (tof) is defined as the total overflow of all edges,which can be computed as follows.

$\begin{matrix}{{{tof}(T)} = {\sum\limits_{e_{ij} \in E}^{\;}{{overflow}\left( e_{ij} \right)}}} & (2)\end{matrix}$

The total wire length determines the resource efficiency ormanufacturing cost of a valid solution. It can be computed as follows.

$\begin{matrix}{{{tot}(T)} = {\sum\limits_{t_{i} \in T}^{\;}{t_{i}}}} & (3)\end{matrix}$

The overflow of a net n_(i) can be computed using the followingexpression.

$\begin{matrix}{{{ofl}\left( n_{i} \right)} = {\sum\limits_{e_{ij} \in t_{i}}^{\;}{{overflow}\left( e_{ij} \right)}}} & (4)\end{matrix}$

The wire length of a net is equal to the number of edges in its spanningtree, which can be determined as follows.

$\begin{matrix}{{{wl}\left( n_{i} \right)} = {\sum\limits_{e_{ij} \in t_{i}}^{\;}1}} & (5)\end{matrix}$

A global router described herein executes three primary tasks: 1)ordering of nets, b) initial routing of nets, and c) R&R processing toeliminate congestion from the solution of initial routing.

FIG. 3A is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary global router 300.The tasks of global router 300 are distributed among several componentsor modules. Each of the modules described herein may be implemented incircuitry that is programmable (e.g. microprocessor-based circuits) orimplemented in dedicated circuits, such as application-specificintegrated circuits (ASICs) or field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs).

Global router 300 includes three modules: i) an initial router 301, ii)a Maze Router with Framing (MRF) 304, and iii) an R&R processor 302.These three modules integrate their functions to achieve global routing.The initial router 301 includes a nets ordering module 303 and a netsrouter 305. The nets ordering module 303 and the nets router 305 executethe tasks of ordering and routing the nets, respectively. The initialrouter 301 uses the MRF 304 to route the nets.

The R&R processor 302 includes a nets selector 308, a game theorizer312, and an R&R operator 310. The nets selector 308 returns a setcomprising all nets whose overflow is greater than zero. The gametheorizer 312 applies a GT-based heuristic to determine the strategiesby which nets can be ripped-up and re-routed in order to reduce thecongestion or wire-length of the solution. The game, theorizer 312includes a mixed strategist 324 and a strategy selector 326. A set ofnets are selected for the R&R operator 310. The R&R operator 310 obtainsthe set of nets from the nets selector 308.

FIG. 3B is a block diagram illustrating a detailed view of an exemplaryR&R processor 302. The tasks of R&R processor 302 are distributed amongseveral components or modules. Each of the modules described herein maybe implemented in circuitry that is programmable (e.g.microprocessor-based circuits) or implemented in dedicated circuits,such as application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) orfield-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs).

The R&R processor 302 accepts a solution from an external global router200. The external global router could be Initial Router 301 of FIG. 3A.It also has an input aim 202 which decides its mode of operation. When“aim=total-overflow” then it tries to minimize the total-overflow of theinput solution. When “aim=total wire-length” then it tries to minimizethe total wire-length of the input solution. The R&R processor 302includes a nets selector 308, a game theorizer 312, a maze router 304,an R&R operator 310, a solution updater 306, and nets permute operator309.

The nets selector 308 selects the nets that have overflow greater thanzero. The nets permute operator 309 permutes the ordering of nets. Thegame theorizer 312 applies a GT-based heuristic to determine thesuitable strategies for the selected nets. The nets should be ripped-upand re-routed using their selected strategies in order to reduce thecongestion or wire-length of the solution. The game theorizer 312includes an available strategies block 322, a mixed strategist 324, astrategy selector 326 and an NE-based telminator 328. The availablestrategies block 322 contains all strategies which are available to thenets. The mixed strategist 324 computes the probabilities of eachstrategy available to the net. The strategy selector 326 selects astrategy for the net based on the probability values. The solutionupdater 306 compares the solution after every change with its previousvalue and restores the solution to its previous value if it is notbetter than or equal to its previous value. A set of nets is selectedfor the R&R operator 310.

The R&R operator 310 obtains the set of nets from the nets selector 308.The R&R operator 310 includes a net decomposer 332, a rip-up operator334, and a controller for re-routing 336. The net decomposer 332decomposes a multi-pin net into a plurality of subnets. It also breaksthe spanning tree of a net into paths of individual subnets. The rip-upoperator 334 deletes the paths of the subnets that have one or morecongested edges. The controller for re-routing 336 handles there-routing of the deleted subnets using maze router 304 and ensures thatthe spanning tree of the net becomes complete again.

The maze router 304 is responsible for re-routing the deleted portion ofthe subnets. It includes two-pins Maze Routing with Framing (MRF) 338,multi-pins MRF 340, two-pins Maze Routing for Length Improvement (MRL)342, and frame expander 344. The two-pins MRF 338 is used to re-routesubnets with an objective to minimize the total overflow. The multi-pinMRF 340 is used to re-route the deleted portion of the spanning tree(without considering decomposition into subnets) with an objective tominimize the wire length. The two-pins MRL 342 is used to route subnetswith an objective to minimize the wire length.

A detailed discussion of the functional modules of FIG. 3B is describedherein.

Net Decomposer 332

The nets that have more than two pins are called multi-pin nets. Themulti-pin nets can be decomposed into two-pin subnets and routed. Thetwo-pin subnets can be routed using shortest path algorithms, such asDijkstra's algorithm, A*-search, etc. See T. H. Cormen, Introduction toAlgorithms. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2009, incorporated herein by referencein its entirety. The runtime to route a multi-pin net can besignificantly reduced by decomposing it into subnets. See A. B. Kahng,J. Lienig, I. L. Markov, and J. Hu, VLSI Physical Design: from graphpartitioning to liming closure. Netherlands: Springer Science+BusinessMedia B.V., 2011, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.Enhancement methods can be employed by the R&R process with differentglobal routers to improve their solution quality and runtime.

The decomposition of a multi-pin net can be performed with theassistance of a minimal Steiner tree or a rectilinear minimal spanningtree (RMST). The global router described herein uses RMSTs to decomposenets. The branches of the RMST join all pins of the net. In thedecomposition of a multi-pin net, each branch of the RMST is consideredas a subriet and the net can be completely routed by routing itsindividual subnets. The RMSTs are usually generated by successivelyadding branches into it. The RMST of a net n_(i) (whose pins arerepresented as P_(i)) can be represented as RMST_(i) which can begenerated using the steps below.

1) Determine a pin p_(α) ∈ P_(i) which is identified as the initial pin.The p_(α) can he selected using a random selection method or using thepin which is most distant from all of the remaining pins.

2) Select two pins p_(u) and p_(v) such that p_(u) ∈ RMST_(i) or ifRMST_(i) is null then p_(u) =p_(α) and p_(v) ∈ {P_(i)−RMST_(i)} (i.e.,the pins of n_(i) that are not yet included in RMST_(i)). The selectionof p_(u) and p_(v) can be performed using different criterion, such asMinimum Congestion (MC) or Random Selection (RS), wherein:

-   -   a) Minimum Congestion (MC): The estimated congestion of the        frame enclosed by the pins p_(u) and p_(v) is used as a        criteria. The estimated congestion is represented by c_(est) and        is described in more detail herein.    -   b) Random Selection (RS) of pins: This is used to explore new        spanning trees.

3) Create a branch whose starting and ending nodes are p_(u) and p_(v)and add the branch into RMST_(i).

4) Repeat steps 2 and 3 until {P_(i)-RMST_(i)} becomes null.

When the MC criteria is used in step 2 of the RMST_(i) generation, thepair p_(u) and p_(v) has minium congestion compared to other pairs whosefirst element belongs to RMST_(i) and the second element belongs to{P_(i)-RMST_(i)}. When the RS criteria is used, the two pins (p_(u) andp_(v)) can be selected at random, such that p_(u) ∈ RMST_(i) and p_(v) ∈{P_(i)-RMST_(i)}.

FIG. 4 illustrates a net 400 including a frame 410 positioned betweentwo pins 420, such as p_(u) and p_(v). An exemplary method to determinecongestion between any two pins p_(u) and p_(v)) is described asfollows.

1) Create a sub-graph (G_(sb)=(V_(sb), E_(sb))) that includes all nodesand edges that lie within the frame between pins p_(u) and p_(v).

2) Set the left-most bottom node of the sub-graph as the first node andthe right-most top node of the sub-graph as the second node.

3) Consider all edges in the sub-graph being directed towards the secondnode.

4) For each node (v_(x)) in the sub-graph with two outgoing edges(e_(xy), e_(xz) ∈ E_(sb)), compute the ratio

${{rm}\left( v_{x} \right)} = \frac{\frac{u_{xy}}{c_{xy}} + \frac{u_{xz}}{c_{xz}}}{2}$

5) If v_(x) has just one outgoing edge (e_(xy) ∈ E_(sb)), compute rm(v_(x))=u_(xy)/c_(xy).

6) Normalize the ratios computed in Steps 4-5.

7) The congestion between pins (p_(u) and p_(v)) is given by

$\frac{\sum\limits_{x \in V_{sb}}{{rm}(x)}}{{num}_{sb}},$

where num_(sb) is the number of nodes which have at least one outgoingedge in G_(sb). The value of congestion lies between 0 and 1.

Rip-Up Operator 334

The subnets that are congested i.e., their paths contain even a singleedge whose usage exceeds its capacity should be deleted in the rip-upoperation. As a result of the rip-up operator 334, the spanning tree ofthe net becomes incomplete and does not cover all pins. The spanningtree after the rip-up operation should be completed using the Mazerouter 304. The controller for re-routing 336 ensures that the spanningtree becomes complete again after the rip-up operation.

Two-Pins MRF 338

The Two-Pin Maze Routing with Framing (Two-Pins MRF 338) is a method ofmaze routing used in large-sized problems. This type of maze routingbuilds a frame or rectangular boundary around the two pins of the net.The frame is extended up to BSIZE grid points from the pins of the netin both directions. The maze routing of two pins can be performed usingDijkstra's algorithm The cost of any edge e_(ij) that links cells v_(i)and v_(j) is represented by cost(e_(ij)), which can be determined usinga history-based cost function according to the following.

$\begin{matrix}{\mspace{79mu} {{{cost}\left( e_{ij} \right)} = {\left( {1 + \frac{{hist}\left( e_{ij} \right)}{iter}} \right) \times {{cong}\left( e_{ij} \right)}}}} & (6) \\{\mspace{79mu} {{{{cong}\left( e_{ij} \right)} = {1 + \frac{penalty}{1 + \text{?}}}}{\text{?}\text{indicates text missing or illegible when filed}}}} & (7)\end{matrix}$

The cost of an edge cost(e_(ij)) has two components which are separatedby a multiplier sign. The first component is the history cost and thesecond component is the congestion cost (i.e., cong(e_(ij))). Thefunction hist(e_(ij)) returns the number of iterations in which e_(ij)was congested. The variable iter is the current iteration count. Incongestion cost (cong(e_(ij))), the parameter penalty determines thecongestion penalty that should be added to the cost of the edge if it iscongested. The parameter slope determines the gradual change in the cost(up to the maximum value, which is equal to the parameter penalty) of anedge with an increase in its demand value. A large value of sloperepresents a steep change in the congestion cost of edges as theirdemand increases. Small values of slope represent a aradual change inthe congestion cost.

Multi-Pin MRF 340

The Multi-Pin Maze Routing with Framing (Multi-Pin MRF 340) methodgenerates a spanning tree for a multi-pin net without decomposing itinto segments of two-pins. It iteratively builds a complete spanningtree In the first iteration, a pin whose Manhattan distance is a maximumfrom the remaining pins is selected as the source node. The remainingpins will be selected as destination nodes. A filling process is startedfrom the source node and terminates as soon as any one of thedestination nodes is reached. A retrace process constructs a path fromthe destination node to the source node, which is added to the spanningtree of the net. In subsequent iterations, the nodes which are alreadyselected in the spanning tree are considered as the source nodes. Pinsof the net that are still not covered in the spanning tree areconsidered as destination nodes. When the spanning tree covers all pinsof the net, the routing of the multi-pins net has been completed. Thecost of edges is determined using the same fonnulas as used in theTwo-Pins-MRF method.

Two-Pins MRL 342

The Two-Pin Maze Routing for Length Improvement (Two-Pins MRL 342)method is used to improve the wire length of the nets whose spanningtree is already free from congestion. It is similar to the Two-Pins MRF338 method, but has the following differences: (i) to route a net n_(i),it uses a subgraph G′=(V, E′), where E′ contains only those edges whichare included in the previous spanning tree of n_(i) (i.e., t_(i)): and(ii) the path between the source and destination pins is determinedusing a shortest path algorithm, such as Dijkstra's algorithm on G′.Each edge in E′ is assumed to have a unit weight. If the spanning treeof n_(i) is t_(i) before applying this method and the spanning treecreated by this method is t′_(i), then t′_(i)⊆t_(i).

Frame Expander 344

The Two-pins MRF 338 and Multi-pin MRF 340 adjust the frame size basedon the congestion in the frame. The maze routing methods find pathswithin their associated frames. Experiments have shown that most of thenets do not need an increase in the frame size. However, expansion ofthe frame size is necessary for a small number of nets. Therefore, theframe size should be expanded if the congestion in it becomes very high.The congestion estimation of a frame size of a net n, can be representedby c_(est). See Y. Han, D. M. Ancajas, K. Chakraborty, and S. Roy,“Exploring high-throughput computing paradigm for global routing,” IEEETransactions on very large scale integration (VLCI) systems, vol. 22,no. 1, pp. 155-167, 2014, incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety. The value of c_(est) can be determined using the steps below.

-   -   1) Create a sub-graph (G_(SB)=(V_(SB), E_(SB))) that contains        all nodes and edges that lie within the frame of n_(i) (where        frame size is BSIZE).    -   2) Set the left-most bottom node of the sub-graph as the initial        node and the right-most top node of the sub-graph as the final        node.    -   3) Consider all the edges in the sub-graph are directed towards        the final node.    -   4) For each node (v_(x)) in the sub-graph that has two outgoing        edges (e_(xy), e_(xz) ∈ E_(SB)), compute the ratio

${{rm}\left( v_{x} \right)} = {\frac{\frac{u_{xy}}{c_{xy}} + \frac{u_{xz}}{c_{xz}}}{2}.}$

-   -   5) If v_(x) has only one outgoing edge (e_(xy), ∈ E_(SB)),        compute

${{rm}\left( v_{x} \right)} = {\frac{u_{xy}}{c_{xy}}.}$

-   -   6) Normalize the ratios computed in Steps 4-5.    -   7) Determine

${{c_{est}({BSIZE})} = \frac{{\sum x} \in {V_{SB}{{rm}(x)}}}{{num}_{SB}}},$

where num_(SB) is the number of nodes which have at least one outgoingedge in G_(SB). The value of c_(est) lies between 0 and 1.

If the c_(est) of any frame size is more than a certain threshold value,the frame size should be expanded. The maze routing methods 2 Pins-MRFand mPins-MRF try to expand the frame size (i.e., BSIZE) to a new valueBSIZE′ until one of the following two conditions occur: (i) the value ofc_(est)(BSIZE′) becomes smaller than c_(ratio), or (ii) the value ofBSIZE′ becomes greater than c_(frame)×BSIZE. The c_(ratio) is a realnumber whose value can lie between 0 and 1 and c_(frame) is a non-zeropositive integer. The implementations use c_(ratio)=0.3 and c_(frame)=3.From experiments, it has been found that large values of c_(est)(BSIZE)refer to highly congested regions and small values refer to lesscongested regions. Therefore, when c_(est)(BSIZE) is equal to or smallerthan c_(ratio)=0.3, the frame is not congested and hence, no incrementin its size is necessary. In congested regions, an increase in BSIZEusually reduces the congestion. However, in some cases, an increase inBSIZE can increase the runtime of maze routing. Therefore, an upperbound on the maximum increase in frame size is defined as c_(frame)times its initial value. Experiments conducted have shown that values ofc_(ratio)=0.3 and c_(frame)=5 work on most problems. However, a furtherimprovement in performance of the global router is possible byfine-tuning the parameter values.

Game Theorizer 312

In the GT-based algorithm, the R&R process is modeled as anon-cooperative sequential game. In non-cooperative game theory, eachplayer decides its strategy independently from other players. Thesequential game models the sequential MR process in which one net goesthrough the R&R operation at a time. In the model, the nets act asplayers and the set N contains all players of a game. The NetDecomposition and Routing (ND-RT) methods available to a net form itsset of GT pure strategies. An ND-RT method is used to rip-up andre-route a net. In an ND-RT method, the net-decomposition step breaks amulti-pin net into several two-pin subnets, then the routing step routeseach subnet using a point-to-point shortest path algorithm such asDijkstra's algorithm. When the total number of strategies is equal to d,the set of GT pure strategies of a net n_(i) can be represented asS(n_(i))={s₀, s₁, . . . , s_(d−1)}. The GT pure strategies of netsshould cover a diverse set, of ND-RT methods to ensure the nets canbuild a large number of competing spanning trees.

GT Pure Strategies of the Nets

The GT-based method includes four strategies when its objective is totaloverflow and three strategies when its objective is wire length. Newstrategies can be added to it to further improve its performance. Eachstrategy includes three steps: ti) net decomposition; (ii) rip-up orpartial rip-up; and (iii) re-routing. In partial rip-up and re-routing,the subnets of a net which have at least one congested edge will beripped up and re-routed. The strategies are classified into two typesbased on the objective of the game (which is based on the input “aim.”).

Available Strategies Block 322

The available strategies block 322 has the processing circuitrynecessary to apply multiple strategies. The list of strategies availableis described herein.

When aim=“Total-overflow”, the R&R processor should minimize the totaloverflow of the solution. Then, each net n_(i) ∈ N can be ripped-up andre-routed using one of four different strategies as follows.

1) PRR (Partial Rip-up and Re-route)—Two-Pins-MRF (represented by s₀ inmathematical expressions)—only the branches of the spanning tree thathave a congested edge will be ripped-up and re-routed. The re-routing isperformed using Two-Pins-MRF 338 method as follows.

-   -   a. Delete the paths of the subnets that have any congested        edges.    -   b. Regenerate paths for the deleted subnets using Two-Pins MRF        338 method.

2) PRR-Multi-Pins-MRF (represented by s₁ in mathematical expressions)includes the following steps.

-   -   a. Delete the paths of the subnets that have any congested        edges.    -   b. Execute the Multi-Pin-MRF 340 method to route the net using        the following considerations.        -   i. The partial spanning tree includes the paths of the            subnets which were not deleted and are considered as the            initial solution in the Multi-Pin-MRF 340 method.        -   ii. in the first iteration of the Multi-Pin-MRF 340 method,            all nodes of the partial spanning tree are selected and            treated as source nodes.        -   iii. The pins that are not covered in the partial spanning            tree are treated as destination nodes.        -   iv. The Multi-Pin MRF 340 method should complete the            spanning tree of n_(i).    -   c. Create a sub-graph G′=(V′, E′), such that e′=t_(i) and V        contains all nodes v_(k), such that e_(xk) or e_(xk) ∈ E′, where        n_(x) ∈ V and e_(xk) or e_(kx) is an edge that joins nodes n_(k)        and n_(x).    -   d. Find a new path for all subnets whose paths were deleted in        Step a), using any shortest path method on the sub-graph G′.

3) MC-PRR-Two-Pins-MRF (represented by s₂ in mathematical expressions)includes the following steps.

-   -   a. Delete the existing subnets of n_(i).    -   b. Create new subnets using the net decomposition method        described herein. The pairs of pins should be selected based on        minimum congestion (MC) criteria.    -   c. Create a sub-graph G′=(V′, E′), such that E′=t_(i) and V        contains all nodes v_(k), such that e_(xk) or e_(kx) ∈ E′, where        n_(x) ∈ V and e_(xk) or e_(kx) is an edge that joins nodes n_(k)        and n_(x).    -   d. Find the shortest path between all subnets on the sub-graph        G′.    -   e. Delete the paths of the subnets that have one or more        congested edges.    -   f. Find the paths between the subnets that have been deleted in        Step e) using the Two-Pins MRF 338 method.

4) RS-FIT-Two-Pins MRF (represented by s₃ in mathematical expressions)is similar to the MC-PRR-Two-Pins MRF method, except in Step b), thesubnets are created using Random Selection (RS) criteria.

When aim=“Total wire-length”, the R&R processor should minimize thewire-length of the solution, then net n_(i) has up to three strategiesto rip-up and re-route its spanning tree to improve the wire length. Thethree strategies are as follows.

1. RR (Rip-up and Re-route)-Two-Pins MRL (represented by s₀ inmathematical expressions) includes the following steps.

-   -   a. Find a path for each subnet using the Two-Pins RL 342 method.        The resulting spanning tree is represented by t′_(i).    -   Rip-up the original spanning tree of n_(i) which is t_(i), and        update t_(i) to the new spanning tree t′_(i).

2. MC-RR-Two-Pins MRL (represented by s₁ in mathematical expressions)includes the following steps.

-   -   a. Create new subnets using the net decomposition method        described herein. The pairs of pins should be selected based on        MC criteria.    -   b. Find a path for each subnet using the Two-Pins MRL 342        method, wherein the resulting spanning tree is represented by        t′_(i).    -   c. Rip-up the original spanning tree of n_(i) which is t_(i),        and update t_(i) to the new spanning tree t′_(i).

3. RS-RR-Two-Pins MRL (represented by s in mathematical expressions)includes the following steps.

-   -   a. Create new subnets using the net decomposition method        described herein. The pairs of pins should be selected based on        RS criteria.    -   b. Find a path for each subnet using the Two-Pins MRL 342        method, wherein the resulting spanning tree is represented by        t′_(i).    -   c. Rip-up the original spanning tree of n_(i) which is t_(i),        and update t_(i) to the new spanning tree t′_(i).

TABLE I SET OF PURE STRATEGIES (S_(i)) OF NET n_(i) ϵ N. aim =total-overflow aim = wire-length symbol Name Description NameDescription s₀ PRR-Two-Pins-MRF Partial rip-up and re-routeRR-Two-Pins-MRL Rip-up and re-route using Two-Pins-MRF usingTwo-Pins-MRL s₁ PRR-Multi-Pins-MRF Partial rip-up and re-routeMC-RR-Two-Pins-MRL Net decomposition using using Multi-Pins-MRF MC,rip-up and re-route using Two-Pins-MRL method s₂ MC-PRR-Two-Pins-MRF Netdecomposition using RS-RR-Two-Pins-MRL Net decomposition using MC,partial rip-up and re- RS, rip-up and re-route route using Two-Pins-MRFusing Two-Pins-MRL method s₃ RS-PRR-Two-Pins-MRF Net decomposition usingRS, partial rip-up and re- route using Two-Pins-MRF

Table I summarizes the GT pure strategies of the nets under both modes.

The mixed strategy of a net includes computation of probabilities of allstrategies available in that mode in available strategies 322.

This module functions differently under the two modes. Its function isdescribed when “aim=total-overflow” and its function is described when“aim total wire-length”.

Mixed Strategist 324

A net uses the GT mixed strategy to select a particular GT purestrategy. When the total number of GT pure strategies is equal to d,then the GT mixed strategy of n_(i) can be represented as: M(n_(i))={m₀,m₁, . . . , m_(d−1)}, where Σ_(k=0) ^(d−1)m_(k)=1 and m_(k) is theprobability of the selection of the GT pure strategy s_(k). Whenaim=total overflow, then d=4 and when aim=wire length, then d=3. Theprobability (m_(k)) includes two components f&g. The computation of fcomponent remains the same whether aim=total-overflow or aim=totalwire-length. The probability of a strategy s_(k) which is given by m_(k)can be computed as follows.

m _(k) =f(n _(i) , k, iter)+g(n _(i) , k)   (8)

In Equation (8), “iter” refers to the current iteration of the game. Thefunction f(n_(i), k, iter) returns the number of iterations since n_(i)selected the strategy s_(k). When aim=total-overflow, the functiong(n_(i), k) is described below and returns the number of iterations inwhich the application of strategy s_(k) has improved the overflow. Thevalues of both functions f&g should be equal to or less than the currentiteration count (iter).

g (n _(i) , k)=# of iterations in which s_(k) has minimized ofl (n_(i))or ofl (T) {if aim=total overflow}  (9)

When aim=total wire-length, the function g(n_(i), k) is described below:

g (n _(i) , k)=# of iterations in which s_(k) has minimized tot(T) orwl(n_(i)) {if aim=wire length}  (10)

The values of f&g are upper bounded by FG_MAX since a game can continuefor hundreds of iterations and in that case, their values continue toincrease. As used herein, FG_MAX=10. The rationale behind thedescriptions of f&g functions is based on experimental observation. Thefunction f favors the selection of strategies which have not beenselected for several iterations. When used in this way, all strategieshave an opportunity to be applied for improving the solution. Thefunction g favors the re-selection of strategies that have been found tobe more successful than others. After the computation of probabilitiesof all strategies, each probability should be scaled by the sum of allprobabilities,

$m_{k} = {\frac{m_{k}}{\sum\limits_{x \in {M{(n_{t})}}}x}.}$

The scaling ensures that the condition Σ_(x∈M(n) _(t) ₎m_(k)=1 is notviolated.

Strategy Selector 326

The strategy selector 326 selects one strategy for the net based on theprobability values. The strategies that have higher probability valuesare more likely to be selected. The selected strategy will be sent tothe R&R Operator 310. The R&R Operator 310 is responsible for applyingthe selected strategy on the net.

NE-Based Terminator 328

The NT-based terminator 328 computes the payoff functions and NashEquilibrium (NE). The GT based heuristic should terminate when the NEbecomes true. The calculation of NE is different based on the value ofinput “aim”. In the following, the method to compute the NE is describedfor both possible values of “aim”.

Computation of Payoff and NE when Aim=“Total-Overflow”

Each strategy is associated with a payoff function, which is thequantitative measurement of the benefit of using that strategy. Thepayoff function of a strategy s_(k) ∈ S (n_(i)) is described by Equation(11). The set of payoff functions can be represented as: PY(n_(i))={py₀,py₁, . . . ,py_(d−1)}, where py_(k) is the payoff of strategy s_(k). Thepayoff of any strategy should be equal to the gain in total overflowthat can be achieved by using that strategy.

Py _(k)−ofl(n _(i))−[ofl(n _(i))]^(s) ^(k) if ‘aim=total overflow’  (11)

In Equation (11), ofl (n_(i)) represents the overflow of the net beforethe application of s_(k) on it. [ofl(n_(i))]^(Sk) refers to the overflowof ni after the application of strategy s_(k) on it. The NE of a game isreached when the available strategies no longer can minimize the totaloverflow. A game terminates upon reaching its NE. The conditions thatlead to NE are as follows.

When ‘aim=total overflow’, NE can occur under the following threeconditions where d is equal to four:

1) py _(k)=0, for k={0, 1, . . . , d−1}, ∀n _(i) ∈N, tof (T)=0

2) py _(k)=0, for k={0, 1, . . . , d−1}, ∀n _(i) ∈N, tof (T)>0

3) py ₀ =py ₁ =py ₂ = . . . =py _(d−1) =K _(i) , K _(i)≠0, i={0, . . . ,m−1}, ∀n _(i) ∈ N (m is the total number of nets in N and d is thenumber of strategies of each net).

The first condition refers to the situation in which the payoffs of allstrategies of all nets are zero because the solution has becomecongestion-free (i.e., tof(T)=0). This is an ideal situation for thetermination of the game. Condition 2 refers to the situation in whichthe payoffs of all strategies of all nets become zero, but the totaloverflow of the solution is greater than zero. Condition 3 refers to thesituation in which the payoffs tier each net of all of its strategiesbecome equal to a constant non-zero value. The game should not terminateat conditions 2 or 3 because they occur when the total overflow>0 (it isassumed that the global routing problem has a valid solution).

The payoff function should be modified to prevent termination of thegame at the above-mentioned conditions 2 and 3. Whenever any of theconditions 2 or 3 occurs, the value of the payoff functions should bemodified as follows: py_(k)=py_(k)+ϵ_(k), where k=0, . . . , d−1 andϵ_(k) ∈ {0, 1} ∈ R and ϵ_(x)≠ϵ_(y), where x and y ∈ {0, 1, . . . , d−1}and x≠y. The GT-based algorithm also uses a maximum runtime limit toterminate a game before it can reach its NE since a game could nm for alarge amount of time before it reaches its NE.

The termination condition of the game is based on either reaching NE orreaching of a maximum allowed runtime. The NE of a game is reached whenthe values of payoff functions of all strategies of all nets becomesequal to each other. The NE should occur when the total overflow tof (T)of the solution becomes zero. However, it could also occur when tor(T)>0, in which case the game should continue until it reaches itsmaximum runtime.

Computation of Payoff and NE when Aim=“Total Wire-Length”

Each strategy is associated with a payoff function, which is thequantitative measurement of the benefit of using that strategy. Thepayoff function of a strategy s_(k) ∈S (n_(i)) is described by Equation(12).

Py _(k) =wl(n _(i))−[wl(n _(i))]^(s) ^(k) if ‘aim=totalwire-length’  (12)

In Equation (12), wl(n_(i)) represents the wire length of the net beforethe application of s_(k) on it. [wl(n_(i))]^(Sk) refers to the wirelength of n_(i) after the application of strategy s_(k) on it. The NE ofa game is reached when the available strategies no longer can minimizethe total wire length. When ‘aim=wire length’, the NE can occur underthe following two conditions where d is equal to three.

1) py _(k)=0, for k={0, 1, d−1}, ∀n _(i) ∈N,

2) py ₀ =py ₁ =py ₂ = . . . =py _(d−1) =K _(i) , K _(i)≠0, i={0, . . . ,m−1}, ∀n _(i) ∈ N

The first condition refers to the case when no further minimization ofwire length is possible and the game should terminate at that point.Condition 2 occurs when further minimization of wire length is possible;a termination here should be avoided.

The payoff function should be modified in order to prevent terminationof the game at the above mentioned condition 2. Whenever the condition 2occurs, the value of the payoff functions should be modified as follows:py_(k)=py_(k)+ϵ_(k), where k=0, . . . , d−1 and ϵ_(k) ∈ {0, 1} ∈ R andϵ_(x)≠ϵ_(y), where x and y ∈ {0, 1, . . . , d−1} and x≠y. The algorithmalso uses a maximum runtime limit to terminate a game before it canreach its NE because a game could run for a large amount of time beforeit may reach its NE.

Solution Updater 306

When the ‘aim=total overflow,’ the new spanning tree created by theapplication of the strategy s_(k) ∈ S(n_(i)) on n_(i) does not directlyreplace the existing tree of n_(i). Instead, t′_(i) (a new tree) isfirst compared with t_(i) (an existing tree) and t′_(i) can only replacet_(i) if it satisfies either one of the two conditions: (i)ofl(t′_(i))≤ofl(t_(i)); or (ii) tof(T)≤tof(T). When the ‘aim=wirelength,’ the new spanning tree always replaces the existing spanningtree.

The GT-based method described herein was implemented using C++ andexecuted on an Intel Xeon 2.8 GHz based computer which has 64 GB ofmemory. The code was compiled using gcc 4.4.7 (Linux version). Most ofthe parameters used the values which are mentioned herein in which theyare described. The values of the remaining parameters are set asfollows: frame size (i.e., BSIZE)=10, penalty=100, and slope=1.2. Alarge value of slope is useful in the R&R process when the objective isto minimize congestion while compromising the wire length. The maximumruntime allowed to the GT-based algorithm was set at 10 hours. TheGT-based algorithm was used to enhance the routing solutions of twomodern global routers: (i) NCTU-GR 2.0, and (ii) BEG-R. The executablesof the existing global routers were obtained and executed on the sameplatform as the GT-based algorithm described herein.

The experimental results of the enhancement of the total overflow andwire length are discussed herein. The global routers have manyparameters and their solution quality depends on the fine-tuning of theparameter values. The literature of existing global routers showsresults obtained under extensive fine-tuning of parameter values. Theexperiments either used the default values or adjusted values based onthe instructions of the existing global routers. Existing global routerswere used with different parameter values. The best results wereobtained by following the instructions of the routers. The ISPD 2008benchmarks were used in the experiments. The ISPD benchmarks weredivided into two classes: hard-to-route and solvable problems. Theproblems that could not be solved completely by any of the existingglobal routers were classified as hard-to-route problems, and theproblems that were solved by at least one global router are classifiedas solvable problems. Table II shows the characteristics of the problemsin the ISPD 2008 suite. The problems not stated as hard-to-route werecombined with the class of solvable problems.

TABLE II CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ISPD 2008 BENCHMARKS [6, 7, 8] verticalhorizontal Number Name Nets Grids capacity capacity of obstaclesadaptec1 219794 227 × 227 70 70 84731 adaptec2 260159 424 × 424 80 80207257 adaptec3 466295 774 × 779 62 62 770588 adaptec4 515304 774 × 77962 62 618473 adaptec5 867411 465 × 468 110 110 264323 newblue1 331663399 × 399 62 62 110903 newblue2 463213 557 × 463 110 110 449965newblue3^(h) 551667  973 × 1256 80 80 2016672 newblue4^(h) 636195 455 ×458 84 84 181305 newblue5 1257555 637 × 640 88 88 449189 newblue61286452 463 × 464 132 132 174709 newblue7^(h) 2635625 488 × 490 122 122294732 bigblue1 282974 227 × 227 110 110 16856 bigblue2 576816 468 × 47152 52 192068 bigblue3 1122340 555 × 557 148 148 437789 bigblue4^(h)2228903 403 × 205 204 204 146696 ^(h)represents the hard-to-routeproblems

Enhancement of the Total Overflow

The existing global routers cannot completely remove total overflow fromthe hard-to-route problems of the ISPD 2008 benchmarks. FIG. 5illustrates a generalized trend with which existing global routersminimize total overflow in hard-to-route problems. It also illustratesthe role of the GT-based method in minimizing the total overflow. Theexisting global routers can quickly minimize the total overflow until itbecomes small, as compared to its initial value. However, after reachingcertain values, they no longer can continue to minimize the totaloverflow. The time a is represented as prior to the time in whichexisting global routers can significantly minimize the total overflow.The total overflow at time=α is represented by Δ. The time β representsthe time which is greater than α and the time used to allow the existingglobal router to continue its search for a better solution under relaxedtiming constraints. The total overflow at time=β is represented by σ.

Experimental results have shown that the difference between σ and Δremains zero or very small, even when β is much bigger than α. The inputto the GT-based method is a solution of an existing global routerobtained at time=α and total overflow=Δ. The total overflow of thesolution from the GT-based method is represented by p and the time takenby the GT-based method is represented by η. The benefit of the GT-basedmethod becomes obvious when q is smaller than β and ρ is smaller than σ.The experimental results illustrate the efficiency of the GT-basedalgorithm.

Table III presents the experimental results of applying the GT-basedmethod to the solutions of NCTU-GR 2.0. The columns α, β, and η presentthe runtime of NCTU-GR 2.0 and the GT-based method. The columns Δ, σ,and ρ present the total overflow of NCTU-GR 2.0 and the GT-based method.The results indicate in three out of four problems, the GT-based methodhas minimized the total overflow to values better than NCTU-GR 2.0.

TABLE III RESULTS OF ENHANCEMENT OF TOTAL-OVERFLOW OF NCTU-GR 2.0 [1].NCTU-GR-2.0 Proposed Method α β η (α + η) Problem (hours) Δ (hours) σ(hours) hours ρ Gain newblue3 1.67 37118 12 36410 0.8 2.47 31786 4624(or 12.69%) newblue4 0.56 162 12 156 6.04 7.60 146 10 (or 5.13%)newblue7 1.11 66 12 58 1.43 2.54 58 0 bigblue4 1.11 214 12 210 8.37 9.48176 34 (or 16.19%)

Table IV presents the results of the enhancement of the solutions ofBFG-R. The solutions that are enhanced using the GT-based algorithmclearly outperform the solutions produced by BFG-R in both totaloverflow and runtime. Table IV shows the maximum enhancement occurs inthe problem bigblue4 at 23.61% and, the minimum enhancement occurs inthe problem newblue3 at 6.13%. The runtime ‘α+η’ remains smaller than βin all problems, which indicates the GT-based algorithm has improvedboth solution quality and runtime of the existing global router.

TABLE IV RESULTS OF ENHANCEMENT OF TOTAL-OVERFLOW OF BFG-R [2]. BFG-RProposed Method α β η (α + η) Problem (hours) Δ (hours) σ (hours) hoursρ Gain newblue3 6 33864 24 33826 3.33 9.33 31752 2074 (or 6.13%)newblue4 12 220 24 218 9.46 21.46 180  38 (or 17.43%) newblue7 18 484 24476 5.85 23.85 410  66 (or 13.87%) bigblue4 9 438 24 432 8.98 17.98 330 102 (or 23.61%)

Enhancement of the Wire Length

The GT-based algorithm can also minimize the wire lengths of solutionsof existing global routers. The minimization of wire length becomesimportant after the total overflow becomes zero. The 2D global routinggenerally minimizes segment wire length, which is equal to the number ofedges in a global routing solution. The GT-based method minimizes thesegment wire length and refines the spanning trees of nets such thatthey can avoid congestion while using the least possible number ofedges.

In experiments, BFG-R and NCTU-GR 2.0 were configured to producesolutions with minimum wire length. Their solutions were furtherminimized for wire length using the GT-based algorithm. In NCTU-GR 2.0,the parameter ‘Wirelength·Optimization·Level’ was set to 2000, whichmeans the solutions should have a minimum possible wire length. The 2Dglobal routing phase in NCTU-GR 2.0 minimized the segment wire length.In BFG-R, the routing method implicitly minimized the wire length. Thewire length in BFG-R was controlled by adjusting values of Lagrangemultipliers. The default values of Lagrange multipliers were used in theexperiments. The BFG-R was executed with flag ‘minBends’ set to falseand in this configuration, the 2D global routing minimized only segmentwire length.

The sixteen problems of the ISPD 2008 benchmarks were used in theexperiments. FIG. 6 is a flowchart 600 illustrating the methodologyused. In step 610, an existing global router was implemented. In step620, a solution was obtained using the existing global router withparameters set for a maximum wire length reduction. En step 620, thewire length of the solution of the existing global router was denoted byϵ and the total overflow was denoted by Δ.

In step 630, the GT-based algorithm according to embodiments describedherein was run, wherein the runtime of the GT-based algorithm isrepresented by η. In step 640, results of the GT-based algorithm wereproduced. The wire length of the solution enhanced by using the GT-basedalgorithm is denoted by π. The total overflow of the solution (Δ)remained unchanged in executing the GT-based algorithm for wire lengthminimization. Key observations from experimental results 650 showed that71 was less than or equal to 68 .

Table V shows the results of minimization of the wire length of thesolutions of BFG-R using the GT-based algorithm. The wire length isexpressed as the number of edges in the spanning trees of all nets,which is also known, as 2D wire length. The results show that in allproblems, the GT-based algorithm successfully minimized the wire length.The extent of wire length improvement, varied from 6462 to 15,587 edges.The runtime of the GT-based algorithm varied from 52 minutes to 10hours.

TABLE V RESULTS OF THE ENHANCEMENT OF WIRE-LENGTH OF SOLUTIONS OF BFG-R[2] Wire-lengths (# of edges) Minimization runtime Proposed in (η)Problem BFG-R (ϵ) algorithm (π) wire-length (hrs) adaptec1 36379933630174 7819 0.88 adaptec2 3329538 3322077 7461 1.05 adaptec3 96261389610551 15587 5.59 adaptec4 9038086 9024805 13281 5.99 adaptec5 1033427110325740 8531 5.99 newblue1 2437619 2430382 7237 1.91 newblue2 47047314694124 10607 3.9 newblue3 7906634 7899456 7178 9.99 newblue4 82597478245408 14339 6.35 newblue5 14873931 14863528 10403 9.99 newblue610307724 10301262 6462 9.99 newblue7 18371163 18371105 58 7.53 bigblue13787010 3778741 8269 1.29 bigblue2 4841759 4829347 12412 4.28 bigblue37906634 7899456 7178 9.99 bigblue4 12045517 12041594 3923 9.99

Table VI presents results of the minimization of wire length of thesolutions of NCTU-GR 2.0 by the GT-based algorithm. The resultsillustrate the GT-based algorithm successfully minimized the wire lengthin all cases. The solutions of NCTU-GR 2.0 already had shorter wirelengths and therefore, the extent of minimization was less as comparedto BFG-R. The extent of minimization varied from 35 to 754 edges. Theruntime of the GT-based algorithm varied from 43 minutes to 10 hours.

TABLE VI RESULTS OF THE ENHANCEMENT OF WIRE-LENGTH OF SOLUTIONS OFNCTU-GR 2.0 [1] Problem Wire-lengths (# of edges) Minimization inruntime Proposed in (η) Problem BFG-R (ϵ) algorithm (π) wire-length(hrs) adaptec1 3526272 3526149 123 0.72 adaptec2 3276623 3276529 94 1.3adaptec3 9499657 9498903 754 5.67 adaptec4 8948261 8947968 293 5.02adaptec5 10184400 10183905 495 5.94 newblue1 2395542 2395474 68 1.96newblue2 4635522 4635474 48 1.24 newblue3 7503314 7503195 119 5.56newblue4 8162434 8162311 123 5.93 newblue5 14614155 14613918 237 9.78newblue6 10151299 10151223 76 9.87 newblue7 18371163 18371128 35 5.82bigblue1 3682974 3682780 194 0.88 bigblue2 4740046 4739568 478 4.20bigblue3 7843211 7843048 163 9.44 bigblue4 11956300 11956233 67 8.23

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a hardware description of a computer 700used in exemplary embodiments. In the embodiments, computer 700 can be adesk top, laptop, or server. Computer 700 could be used as the R&Rprocessor 306, the initial router 301, and/or the MRF 320.

In FIG. 7, the computer 700 includes a CPU 701 which performs theprocesses described herein. The process data and instructions may bestored in memory 702. These processes and instructions may also bestored on a storage medium disk 704 such as a hard drive (HDD) orportable storage medium or may be stored remotely. Further, the claimedadvancements are not limited by the form of the computer-readable mediaon which the instructions of the inventive process are stored. Forexample, the instructions may be stored on CDs, DVDs, in FLASH memory,RAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, hard disk or any other informationprocessing device with which the computer 700 communicates, such as aserver or computer.

Further, the claimed advancements may be provided as a utilityapplication, background daemon, or component of an operating system, orcombination thereof, executing in conjunction with CPU 701 and anoperating system such as Microsoft® Windows®, UNIX®, Oracle ® Solaris,LINUX® Apple macOS® and other systems known to those skilled in the art.

In order to achieve the computer 700, the hardware elements may berealized by various circuitry elements, known to those skilled in theart. For example, CPU 701 may be a Xenon® or Core® processor from IntelCorporation of America or an Opteron® processor from AMD of America, ormay be other processor types that would he recognized by one of ordinaryskill in the art. Alternatively, the CPU 701 may be implemented on anFPGA, ASIC, PLD or using discrete logic circuits, as one of ordinaryskill in the art would recognize Further, CPU 701 may be implemented asmultiple processors cooperatively working in parallel to perform theinstructions of the inventive processes described above.

The computer 700 in FIG. 7 also includes a network controller 706, suchas an Intel Ethernet PILO network interface card from Intel Corporationof America, for interfacing with network 724. As can he appreciated, thenetwork 724 can be a public network, such as the Internet, or a privatenetwork such as LAN or WAN network, or any combination thereof and canalso include PSTN or ISDN sub-networks. The network 724 can also bewired. such as an Ethernet network, or can be wireless such as acellular network including EDGE, 3G and 4G wireless cellular systems.The wireless network can also be WiFi®, Bluetooth®, or any otherwireless form of communication that is known.

The computer 700 further includes a display controller 708, such as aNVIDIA® GeForce® GTX or Quadro® graphics adaptor from NVIDIA Corporationof America for interfacing with display 710, such as a Hewlett Packard®HPL2445w LCD monitor. A general purpose I/O interface 712 interfaceswith a keyboard and/or mouse 714 as well as an optional touch screenpanel 716 on or separate from display 710. General purpose I/O interface712 also connects to a variety of peripherals 718 including printers andscanners, such as an Officeet® or DeskJet® from Hewlett Packard.

The general purpose storage controller 720 connects the storage mediumdisk 704 with communication bus 722, which may be an ISA, EISA, VESA,PCI, or similar, for interconnecting all of the components of thecomputer 700. A description of the general features and functionality ofthe display 710, keyboard and/or mouse 714, as well as the displaycontroller 708, storage controller 720, network controller 706, andgeneral purpose I/O interface 712 is omitted herein for brevity as thesefeatures are known.

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary data processing system.The data processing system is an example of a computer in which code orinstructions implementing the processes of the illustrative embodimentscan be located.

In FIG. 8, data processing system 800 employs an applicationarchitecture including a north bridge and memory controller hub (NB/MCH)825 and a south bridge and input/output (I/O) controller hub (SB/ICH)820. The central processing unit (CPU) 830 is connected to NB/MCH 825.The NB/MCH 825 also connects to the memory 845 via a memory bus, andconnects to the graphics processor 850 via an accelerated graphics port(AGP). The NB/MCH 825 also connects to the SB/ICH 820 via an internalbus (e.g., a unified media interface or a direct media interface). TheCPU 830 can contain one or more processors and even can be implementedusing one or more heterogeneous processor systems.

FIG. 9 illustrates an implementation of CPU 830. In one implementation,an instruction register 938 retrieves instructions from a fast memory939. At least part of these instructions are fetched from an instructionregister 938 by a control logic 936 and interpreted according to theinstruction set architecture of the CPU 830. Part of the instructionscan also be directed to a register 932. In one implementation theinstructions are decoded according to a hardwired method, and in anotherimplementation the instructions are decoded according to a microprogramthat translates instructions into sets of CPU configuration signals thatare applied sequentially over multiple clock pulses. After fetching anddecoding the instructions, the instructions are executed using anarithmetic logic unit (ALU) 934 that loads values from the register 932and performs logical and mathematical operations on the loaded valuesaccording to the instructions. The results from these operations can befed back into the register 932 and/or stored in a fast memory 939.According to aspects of the disclosure, the instruction set architectureof the CPU 830 can use a reduced instruction set computer (RISC), acomplex instruction set computer (CISC), a vector processorarchitecture, or a very long instruction word (VLIW) architecture.Furthermore, the CPU 830 can be based on the Von Neuman model or theHarvard model. The CPU 830 can be a digital signal processor, an FPGA,an ASIC, a PLA, a PLD, or a CPLD. Further, the CPU 830 can be an x86processor by Intel or by AMD; an ARM processor: a Power architectureprocessor by, e.g., IBM; a SPARC architecture processor by SunMicrosystems or by Oracle; or other known CPU architectures.

Referring again to FIG. 8, the data processing system 800 can includethe SIVICH 820 being coupled through a system bus to an I/O Bus, a readonly memory (ROM) 856, universal serial bus (USB) port 864, a flashbinary input/output system (BIOS) 868. and a graphics controller 858.PCI/PCIe devices can also be coupled to SIS/ICH 820 through a PCI bus862.

The PCI devices can include, for example Ethernet adapters, add-incards, and PC cards for notebook computers. The Hard disk drive 860 andCD-ROM 866 can use, for example, an integrated drive electronics (IDE)or serial advanced technology attachment (SATA) interface. In oneimplementation the I/O bus can include a super I/O (SIO) device.

Further, the hard disk drive (HDD) 860 and optical drive 866 can also becoupled to the SB/ICH 820 through a system bus. In one implementation, akeyboard 870, a mouse 872, a parallel port 878, and a serial port 876can be connected to the system bus through the I/O bus. Otherperipherals and devices can be connected to the SB/ICH 820 using a massstorage controller such as SATA or PATA, an Ethernet port, an ISA bus, aLPC bridge, SMBus, a DMA controller, and an Audio Codec.

Embodiments described herein can be implemented in conjunction with oneor more of the devices described above with reference to FIGS. 7-9.Embodiments are a combination of hardware and software, and processingcircuitry by which the software is implemented.

FIG. 10 is a flow of execution of the R&R processor 302 using a pseudocode when input aim=“Total-overflow”. In step S1010, terminationcriterion based on a maximum allowed is computed. In step S1010, if thecurrent iteration is not the first iteration, then stopping thecriterion based on the NE is also computed using the NE-based terminator328. In step S1020, the order of nets in IV is permitted using the netspermute operator 309. In S1030, a net is selected using the net Selector308. In step S1040, the mixed strategy for the net is computed using theavailable strategies block 322 and the mixed strategist 324. In stepS1050, a GT pure strategy for the net is selected using the strategyselector 326. In S1060, the net is ripped-up and re-routed using the R&Roperator 310 and the maze router 304 and the spanning tree is stored int*_(i). . . In Step S1070, ofl(n*_(i)) is the overflow of n, when itsspanning tree is t*_(i) and ofl(n_(i)) is the overflow of n_(i) when itsspanning tree is t_(i). Based on the comparison in S1070, the solutionis overwritten by the new solution using the solution updater 306.

FIG. 11 is a flow of execution of the R&R processor 302 using a pseudocode when input aim=“Total wire-length”. Termination criterion based ona maximum allowed time is computed. In S2010, if the current iterationis not the first iteration, then stopping criterion based on NE is alsocomputed using the NE-based terminator 328. In step S2020, the order ofnets in N is permuted using the nets permute operator 309. In stepS2030, the mixed strategy for the net is computed using the availablestrategies block 322 and the mixed strategist 324. In step S2040, a GTpure strategy for the net is selected using the strategy selector 326.In S2050, the net is ripped-up and re-routed using the R&R operator 310and the maze router 304.

FIG. 12 is a flowchart for an exemplary method 3000 of global routing.In step S3010, one or more R&R strategies are determined for a net, viaprocessing circuitry. In step S3020, multiple pins of the net aredecomposed into a plurality of subnets, via the processing circuitry. Instep S3030, a spanning tree of the net is decomposed into paths for theplurality of subnets, via the processing circuitry. In step S3040. aprobability of success is determined of each of the R&R strategies forone of minimizing a total overflow of a global routing solution orminimizing a wire length of the global routing solution. In step S3050,one of the R&R strategies is applied to the net based on the determinedprobability of success of said each of the R&R strategies towardsimproving the global routing solution, via the processing circuitry. Theglobal routing solution includes a plurality of spanning trees for arespective plurality of nets of a global routing system.

Embodiments herein describe GT-based algorithms that can enhance thesolutions of existing global routers. The GT-based algorithms model theR&R process as a game whose objective can be either to minimize thetotal overflow or the wire length of a global routing solution. In thegame, the nets act as players and their set of pure strategies includesseveral different ND-RT methods. Each ND-RT method includes three steps:(i) net decomposition, GO rip-up, and (iii) re-routing. The nets selecta technique or strategy based on game theory to rip-up and re-routetheir spanning trees.

The payoff of any pure strategy is the improvement which it can bring inthe overflow or wire length. The nets use mixed strategies. The mixedstrategy of a net is a set which contains probabilities with which itcan select any of its pure strategies. The probabilities are computedbased on the likelihood of the corresponding strategy to improve thesolution. The performance of the GT-based algorithms was evaluated byusing it to enhance two global routers. The experimental results showedthat it can minimize total overflow and/or wire length from thesolutions of existing global routers to values in which those routerscannot reach on their own.

The embedding of GT with these techniques produce better global routersdue to exploration of more possible solutions and more intelligentdecision making to keep runtime small. The performance of the GT-basedalgorithms provides improved processing by performing parameteroptimization and adding new strategies.

Some current methods for global routing employ just one method to rip-upand re-route a net. However, embodiments described herein employ up tofour different methods to rip-up and re-route the nets. Some currentmethods also specify a method in which to select the nets to beripped-up and re-routed until the solution becomes congestion-free.However, embodiments described herein do not use any method to selectthe nets. Instead, embodiments described herein include a method for thenets to select a proper technique based on game theory to rip-up andre-route their respective spanning trees. Embodiments described hereinalso provide global routing methods to minimize total overflow and alsoto minimize the wire length of a given global routing solution.

Embodiments described herein include the following aspects.

(1) A method of global routing includes determining, via processingcircuitry, one or more rip-up and re-route (R&R) strategies for a net;decomposing, via the processing circuitry, multiple pins of the net intoa plurality of subnets; decomposing, via the processing circuitry, aspanning tree of the, net into paths for the plurality of subnets;determining, via the processing circuitry, a probability of success ofeach of the R&R strategies for one of minimizing a total overflow of aglobal routing solution or minimizing a wire length of the globalrouting solution; and applying, via the processing circuitry, one of theR&R strategies to the net based on the determined probability of successof said each of the R&R strategies towards improving the global routingsolution, wherein the global routing solution includes a plurality ofspanning trees for a respective plurality of nets of a global routingsystem.

(2) The method of global routing of (1), wherein decomposing multiplepins of the net into the plurality of subnets is based on generating arectilinear minimal spanning tree (RMST).

(3) The method of global routing of either one of (1) or (2), whereinapplying said one of the R&R strategies includes ripping up the spanningtree by deleting paths of one or more of the plurality of subnets, andre-routing the net by generating new paths for the deleted paths.

(4) The method of, global routing of any one of (1) through (3), furtherincludes iterating the method, wherein each iteration includes permutingan order in which a plurality of nets select and play their strategies,wherein the plurality of nets select a respective strategy and applythat strategy to enhance the respective spanning tree; and ending theiterating when one of a maximum runtime has occurred or a NashEquilibrium has been reached.

(5) The method of global routing of any one of (1) through (4), whereinsaid one or more R&R strategies for minimizing the total overflow of theglobal routing solution include a partial R&R strategy in which onlybranches of the spanning tree which have a congested edge are ripped-upand re-routed.

(6) The method of global routing of any one of (1) through (5), whereinthe partial R&R strategy includes a partial R&R in a two-pin mazerouting with framing (PRR-Two-Pins MRF) strategy.

(7) The method of global routing of any one of (1) through (6), whereinthe partial R&R strategy includes a partial R&R in a multiple-pin MRF(PRR-Multi-Pin MRF) strategy.

(8) The method of global routing of any one of (1) through (7), whereinthe partial R&R strategy includes a minimum congestion partial R&R in atwo-pin MRF (MC-PRR-Two-Pins MRF) strategy.

(9) The method of global routing of any one of (1) through (8), whereinthe partial R&R strategy includes a random selection partial R&R in atwo-pin MRF (RS-PRR-Two-Pins MRF) strategy.

(10) The method of global routing of any one of (1) through (9), whereinsaid one or more R&R strategies for minimizing the wire length of theglobal routing solution includes an R&R in a two-pin maze routing hrlength improvement (RR-Two-Pins MRL) strategy.

(11) The method of global routing of any one of (1) through (10),wherein said one or more R&R strategies for minimizing the wire lengthof the global routing solution includes a minimum congestion R&R in atwo-pin MRL (MC-RR-Two-Pins MRL) strategy.

(12) The method of global routing of any one of (1) through (11),wherein said one or more R&R strategies for minimizing the wire lengthof the global routing solution includes a random selection R&R in atwo-pin MRL (RS-RR-Two-Pins MRL) strategy.

(13) A system of global routing includes processing circuitry configuredto determine one or more rip-up and re-route (R&R) strategies for a net;decompose multiple pins of the net into a plurality of subnets;decompose a spanning tree of the net into paths for the plurality ofsubnets: determine a probability of success of each of the R&Rstrategies for one of minimizing a total overflow of a global routingsolution or minimizing a wire length of the global routing solution;select one of the R&R strategies to the net based on the determinedprobability of success of said each of the R&R strategies towardsimproving the global routing solution; and apply the selected R&Rstrategy to improve the spanning tree of the nets wherein the globalrouting solution includes a plurality of spanning trees for a respectiveplurality of nets of a global routing system.

(14) The system of global routing of (13), wherein said one or more R&Rstrategies for minimizing the total overflow of the global routingsolution include a partial R&R strategy in which only branches of thespanning tree which have a congested edge are ripped-up and re-routed.

(15) The system of global routing of either one of (13) or (14), whereinthe partial R&R strategy for minimizing the total overflow of the globalrouting solution includes at least one of a partial R&R in a two-pinmaze routing with framing (PRR-Two-Pins MRF) strategy, a partial R&R ina multiple-pin MRF MRF) strategy, a minimum congestion partial R&R in,atwo-pin MRF (MC-PRR-Two-Pins MRF) strategy, and a random selectionpartial R&R in a two-pin MRF (RS-PRR-Two-Pins MRF) strategy.

(16) The system of global routing of any one of (13) through (15),wherein said one or more R&R strategies for minimizing the wire lengthof the global routing solution include at least one of an R&R in atwo-pin maze routing for length improvement (RR-Two-Pins MRL) strategy,a minimum congestion R&R in a two-pin MRL (MC-RR-Two-Pins MRL) strategy.and a random selection R&R in a two-pin MRL (RS-RR-Two-Pins MRL)strategy.

(17) The system of global routing of any one of (13) through (16),further includes an initial router configured to order and route aplurality of nets within the spanning tree; a maze router with framingconfigured to determine the R&R strategy to a global routing problem;and an R&R processor configured with a nets selector, a game theorizer,an R&R operator, and a parameter values updater.

(18) The system of global routing of any one of (13) through (17),wherein decomposing multiple pins of the net includes generating arectilinear minimal spanning tree (RMST).

(19) The system of global routing of any one of (13) through (18),wherein the circuitry is further configured to rip-up the spanning treeby deleting paths of one or more of the plurality of subnets; andre-route the net by generating new paths for the deleted paths.

(20) The system of global routing of any one of (13) through (19),wherein the circuitry is further configured to perform a series ofiterations in which each iteration includes permuting an order in whicha plurality of nets select and play their strategies, wherein theplurality of nets select a respective strategy and apply that strategyto enhance the respective spanning tree; and ending the series ofiterations when one of a maximum runtime has occurred or a NashEquilibrium has been reached.

A number of implementations have been described. Nevertheless, it willbe understood that various modifications may be made without departingfrom the spirit and scope of this disclosure. For example, preferableresults may be achieved if the steps of the disclosed techniques wereperformed in a different sequence, if components in the disclosedsystems were combined in a different manner, or if the components werereplaced or supplemented by other components. The functions, processes,and algorithms described herein may be performed in hardware or softwareexecuted by hardware, including computer processors and/or programmablecircuits configured to execute program code and/or computer instructionsto execute the ftmctions, processes, and algorithms described herein.Additionally, an implementation may be performed on modules or hardwarenot identical to those described. Accordingly, other implementations arewithin the scope that may be claimed.

The foregoing discussion describes merely exemplaty embodiments of thepresent disclosure. As will be understood by those skilled in the art,the present disclosure may be embodied in other specific forms withoutdeparting from the spirit or essential characteristics thereofAccordingly, the disclosure is intended to be illustrative, but notlimiting of the scope of the disclosure, as well as the claims. Thedisclosure, including any readily discernible variants of the teachingsherein, defines in part, the scope of the foregoing claim terminologysuch that no inventive subject matter is dedicated to the public.

1. A method of global routing, the method comprising: determining, viaprocessing circuitry, one or more rip-up and re-route (R&R) strategiesfor a net; decomposing, via the processing circuitry, multiple pins ofthe net into a plurality of subnets; decomposing, via the processingcircuitry, a spanning tree of the net into paths for the plurality ofsubnets; determining, via the processing circuitry, a probability ofsuccess of each of the R&R strategies for one of minimizing a totaloverflow of a global routing solution, or minimizing a wire length ofthe global routing solution; and applying, via the processingcircuitry,one of the R&R strategies to the net based on the determinedprobability of success of said each of the R&R strategies towardsimproving the global routing solution, wherein the global routingsolution includes a plurality of spanning trees for a respectiveplurality of nets of a global routing system.
 2. The method of claim I,wherein decomposing multiple pins of the net into the plurality ofsubnets is based on generating a rectilinear minimal spanning tree(RMST).
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein applying said one of the R&Rstrategies includes: ripping up the spanning tree by deleting paths ofone or more of the plurality of subnets; and re-routing the net bygenerating new paths for the deleted paths.
 4. The method of claim 1,further comprising: iterating the method, wherein each iterationincludes permuting an order in which a plurality of nets select and playtheir strategies, wherein the plurality of nets select a respectivestrategy and apply that strategy to enhance the respective spanningtree; and ending the iterating when one of a maximum, runtime hasoccurred or a Nash Equilibrium has been reached.
 5. The method of claim1, wherein said one or more R&R strategies for minimizing the totaloverflow of the global routing solution include a partial R&R strategyin which only branches of the spanning tree which have a congested edgeare ripped-up and re-routed.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein thepartial R&R strategy includes a partial R&R in a two-pin maze routingwith framing (PRR-Two-Pins MRF) strategy.
 7. The method of claim 5,wherein the partial R&R strategy includes a partial R&R in amultiple-pin MRF (PRR-Multi-Pin MRF) strategy.
 8. The method of claim 5,wherein the partial R&R strategy includes a rninimu congestion partialR&R in a two-pin MRF (MC-PRR-Two-Pins MRF) strategy.
 9. The method ofclaim 5, wherein the partial R&R strategy includes a random selectionpartial R&R in a two-pin MRF (RS-PRR-Two-Pins MRF) strategy.
 10. Themethod of claim 1, wherein said one or more R&R strategies forminimizing the wire length of the global routing solution includes anR&R in a two-pin amaze routing for length improvement (RR-Two-Pins MRL)strategy.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein said one or more R&Rstrategies for minimizing the wire length of the global routing solutionincludes a minimum congestion R&R in a two-pin maze routing, for lengthimprovement (MC-RR-Two-Pins MRL) strategy.
 12. The method of claim 1,wherein said one or more R&R strategies for minimizing the wire lengthof the global routing solution includes a random selection R&R in atwo-pin maze routing for length improvement (RS-RR-Two-Pins MRL)strategy.
 13. A system of global routing, the system comprising:processing circuitry configured to determine one or more rip-up andre-route (R&R) strategies for a net; decompose multiple pins of the netinto a plurality of subnets; decompose a spanning tree of the net intopaths for the plurality of subnets; determine a probability of successof each of the R&R strategies for one of minimizing a total overflow ofa global routing solution or minimizing a wire length of the globalrouting solution; select one of the R&R strategies to the net based onthe determined probability of success of said each of the R&R strategiestowards improving the global routing solution; and apply the selectedR&R strategy to improve the spanning tree of the net, wherein the globalrouting solution includes a plurality of spanning trees for a respectiveplurality of nets of a global routing system.
 14. The system of claim13, wherein said one or more R&R strategies for minimizing the totaloverflow of the global routing solution include a partial R&R strategyin which only branches of the spanning tree which have a congested edgeare ripped-up and re-routed.
 15. The system of claim 14, wherein thepartial R&R strategy for minimizing the total overflow of the globalrouting solution includes at least one of a partial R&R in a two-pinmaze routing with framing (PRR-Two-Pins MRF) strategy, a partial R&R ina multiple-pin MRF (PRR-Multi-Pin MRF) strategy, a minimum congestionpartial R&R in a two-pin MRF (MC-PRR-Two-Pins MRF) strategy, and arandom selection partial R&R in a two-pin MRF (RS-PRR-Two-Pins MRF)strategy.
 16. The system of claim 13, wherein said one or more R&Rstrategies for minimizing the wire length of the global routing solutioninclude at least one of an R&R in a two-pin maze routing for lengthimprovement (RR-Two-Pins MRL) strategy, a minimum congestion R&R in atwo-pin MRL (MC-RR-Two-Pins MRL) strategy, and a random selection R&R ina two-pin MRL (RS-RR-Two-Pins MRL) strategy.
 17. The system of claim 13,further comprising: an initial router configured to order and route aplurality of nets within the spanning tree; a maze router with framingconfigured to determine the R&R strategy to a global routing problem;and an R&R processor configured with a nets selector, a game theorizer,an R&R operator. and a parameter values updater.
 18. The system of claim13, wherein decomposing multiple pins of the net includes generating arectilinear minimal spanning tree (RMST).
 19. The system of claim 13,wherein the circuitry is further configured to: rip-up the spanning treeby deleting paths of one or more of the plurality of subnets; andre-route the net by generating new paths for the deleted paths.
 20. Thesystem of claim 13, wherein the circuitry is further configured to:perform a series of iterations in which each iteration includes,permuting an order in which a plurality of nets select and play theirstrategies, wherein the plurality of nets select a respective strategyand apply that strategy to enhance the respective spanning tree; andending the series of iterations when one of a maximum runtime hasoccurred or a Nash Equilibrium has been reached.